uses, see Nnamdi Azikiwe (disambiguation)
and Zik (disambiguation) .
Nnamdi Azikiwe, PC, (16 November 1904 – 11
May 1996), usually referred to as "Zik", was a
Nigerian statesman who was Governor General of
Nigeria from 1960 to 1963 and the first
President of Nigeria from 1963 to 1966 (when
Nigeria became a republic). [2] Considered a
driving force behind the nation's independence,
he came to be known as the "father of Nigerian
Nationalism".
Born to Igbo parents in Zungeru in present-day
Niger State, as a young boy he learned to speak
Hausa (the main indigenous language of the
Northern Region). Azikiwe was later sent to live
with his aunt and grandmother in Onitsha (his
parental homeland), where he learned the Igbo
language . A stay in Lagos exposed him to the
Yoruba language; by the time he was in college,
he had been exposed to different Nigerian
cultures and spoke three languages (an asset as
president). [3] Azikiwe traveled to the United
States where he was known as Ben Azikiwe and
attended Storer College, Columbia University , the
University of Pennsylvania and Howard
University . He contacted colonial authorities with
a request to represent Nigeria at the Los
Angeles Olympics. [4] He returned to Africa in
1934, where he began work as a journalist in the
Gold Coast. In British West Africa, he advocated
Nigerian and African nationalism as a journalist
and a political leader. [5][6]
Early life and education
Azikiwe was born on 16 November 1904 in
Zungeru , Northern Nigeria . His first name means
"my father is alive" in the Igbo language , and his
parents were Igbo. His father, Obed-Edom
Chukwuemeka Azikiwe[7] (1879–1958), a native
Onye Onicha , was a clerk in the British
Administration of Nigeria [8] who traveled
extensively as part of his job. Azikiwe's mother
was [9] Rachel Chinwe Ogbenyeanu (Aghadiuno)
Azikiwe, who was sometimes called Nwanonaku
and was the third daughter of Aghadiuno Ajie. [7]
[10] Her family descended from a royal family in
Onitsha, and her paternal great-grandfather was
Obi Anazenwu. [10] Azikiwe had one sibling, a
sister named Cecilia Eziamaka Arinze. [10] As a
young boy Azikiwe spoke Hausa , the regional
language. His father, concerned about his son's
fluency in Hausa and not Igbo, sent him to
Onitsha in 1912 to live with his paternal
grandmother and aunt to learn the Igbo language
and culture. [11] In Onitsha, Azikiwe attended
Holy Trinity School (a Roman Catholic mission
school) and Christ Church School (an Anglican
primary school). In 1914, while his father was
working in Lagos, Azikiwe was bitten by a dog;
this prompted his worried father to ask him to
come to Lagos to heal and to attend school in
the city. [12] His father was sent to Kaduna two
years later, and Azikiwe briefly lived with a
relative who was married to a Muslim from
Sierra Leone. [13] In 1918, he was back in
Onitsha and finished his elementary education at
CMS Central School. Azikiwe then worked at the
school as a student-teacher, [12] supporting his
mother with his earnings. [13] In 1920, his father
was posted back to southern Nigeria in the
southeastern city of Calabar. Azikiwe joined his
father in Calabar, beginning secondary school at
the Hope Waddell Training College. He was
introduced to the teachings of Marcus Garvey, [3]
Garveyism , which became an important part of
his nationalistic rhetoric.
After attending Hope Waddell, [14] Azikwe
transferred to Methodist Boys High School in
Lagos and befriended classmates from old
Lagos families such as George Shyngle, Francis
Cole and Ade Williams (a son of Akarigbo
Remo). These connections were later beneficial
to his political career in Lagos. [12] Azikwe heard
a lecture by James Aggrey, an educator who
believed that Africans should receive a college
education abroad and return to effect
change. [15] After the lecture, Aggrey gave the
young Azikiwe a list of schools accepting black
students in America. [13] After completing his
secondary education, Azikiwe applied to the
colonial service and was accepted as a clerk in
the treasury department. His time in the colonial
service exposed him to racial bias in the colonial
government. [16] Determined to travel abroad for
further education, Azikwe applied to universities
in the U.S. He was admitted by Storer College,
contingent on his finding a way to America. [17]
To reach America, he contacted a seaman and
made a deal with him to become a stowaway.
However, one of his friends on the ship became
ill and they were advised to disembark in
Sekondi . In Ghana, Azikiwe worked as a police
officer; his mother visited, and asked him to
return to Nigeria. He returned, and his father was
willing to sponsor his trip to America.
Azikiwe attended Storer College, a two-year
preparatory school in Harpers Ferry, West
Virginia. To fund his living expenses and tuition,
he competed in athletics and on cross-country
teams before transferring to Howard University in
Washington, D.C. [18][19] Azikiwe was a
member of Phi Beta Sigma. [20] He then enrolled
at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1930,
receiving a master's degree in religion in 1932.
In 1934, he received a master's degree in
anthropology from the University of
Pennsylvania . [21][22] Azikiwe became a
graduate-student instructor in the history and
political-science departments at Lincoln
University, where he created a course in African
history. [23] He was a candidate for a doctoral
degree at Columbia University before returning to
Nigeria in 1934. [24] Azikiwe's doctoral research
focused on Liberia in world politics, and his
research paper was published by A. H. Stockwell
in 1934. During his time in America, he was a
columnist for the Baltimore Afro-American ,
Philadelphia Tribune and the Associated Negro
Press. [25] Azikiwe was influenced by the ideals
of the African-American press, Garveyism and
pan-Africanism. [ citation needed ]
Newspaper career
Personally, I believe the European has a god
in whom he believes and whom he is
representing in his churches all over Africa.
He believes in the god whose name is spelt
Deceit. He believes in the god whose law is
"Ye strong, you must weaken the weak". Ye
"civilised" Europeans, you must "civilise" the
"barbarous" Africans with machine guns. Ye
"Christian" Europeans, you must "Christianise"
the "pagan" Africans with bombs, poison
gases, etc.
— Excerpt from May 1936 African Morning
Post article which led to sedition trial[26]
He applied as a foreign-service official for
Liberia , but was rejected because he was not a
native of the country. By 1934, when Azikiwe
returned to Lagos, he was well-known and
viewed as a public figure by some members of
the Lagos and Igbo community. He was
welcomed home by a number of people, as his
writings in America evidently reached
Nigeria. [27] In Nigeria, Azikiwe's initial goal was
to obtain a position commensurate with his
education; after several unsuccessful applications
(including for a teaching post at King's College,
he accepted an offer from Ghanaian
businessman Alfred Ocansey to become
founding editor of the African Morning Post (a
new daily newspaper in Accra, Ghana ). He was
given a free hand to run the newspaper, and
recruited many of its original staff. [12] Azikiwe
wrote "The Inside Stuff by Zik", a column in
which he preached radical nationalism and black
pride which raised some alarm in colonial
circles. [28] As editor, he promoted a pro-African
nationalist agenda. Yuri Smertin described his
writing there: "In his passionately denunciatory
articles and public statements he censured the
existing colonial order: the restrictions on the
African's right to express their opinions, and
racial discrimination. He also criticized those
Africans who belonged to the 'elite' of colonial
society and favoured retaining the existing order,
as they regarded it as the basis of their well
being." [29] During Azikiwe's stay in Accra he
advanced his New Africa philosophy later
explored in his book, Renascent Africa . The
philosophic ideal is a state where Africans would
be divorced from ethnic affiliations and
traditional authorities and transformed by five
philosophical pillars : spiritual balance, social
regeneration, economic determinism, mental
emancipation and risorgimento nationalism.
Azikiwe did not shy away from Gold Coast
politics, and the paper supported the local
Mambii party. [23]
The Post published a 15 May 1936 article, "Has
the African a God?" by I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson ,
and Azikiwe (as editor) was tried for sedition.
He was originally found guilty and sentenced to
six months in prison, but his conviction was
overturned on appeal. Azikiwe returned to Lagos
in 1937 and founded the West African Pilot , a
newspaper which he used to promote
nationalism in Nigeria. In addition to the Pilot ,
his Zik Group established newspapers in
politically- and economically-important cities
throughout the country. [30] The group's flagship
newspaper was the West African Pilot , which
used Dante Alighieri 's "Show the light and the
people will find the way" as its motto. Other
publications were the Southern Nigeria Defender
from Warri (later Ibadan ), the Eastern Guardian
(founded in 1940 and published in Port
Harcourt), and the Nigerian Spokesman in
Onitsha. [31] In 1944, the group acquired Duse
Mohamed 's Comet . Azikiwe's newspaper venture
was a business and political tool. [32] The Pilot
focused less on advertising than on circulation,
largely because expatriate firms dominated the
Nigerian economy. [33] Many of Azikiwe's
newspapers emphasized sensationalism and
human-interest stories; the Pilot introduced
sports coverage and a women's section,
increasing coverage of Nigerian events
compared with the competing Daily Times (which
emphasized expatriate and foreign-news-service
stories). [34] The Pilot 's initial run was 6,000
copies daily; at its peak in 1950, it was printing
over 20,000 copies. [35] Azikiwe founded other
business ventures (such as the African
Continental Bank and the Penny Restaurant) at
this time, and used his newspapers to advertise
them. [36]
Before World War II , the West African Pilot was
seen as a paper trying to build a circulation base
rather than overtly radical. The paper's editorials
and political coverage focused on injustice to
Africans, criticism of the colonial administration
and support for the ideas of the educated elites
in Lagos. [36] However, by 1940 a gradual
change occurred. As he did in the African
Morning Post , Azikiwe began writing a column
("Inside Stuff") in which he sometimes tried to
raise political consciousness. [37] Pilot editorials
called for African independence, particularly after
the rise of the Indian independence movement .
Although the paper supported Great Britain
during the was, it criticized austerity measures
such as price controls and wage ceilings. [38] In
1943 the British Council sponsored eight West
African editors (including Azikiwe), and he and
six other editors used the opportunity to raise
awareness of possible political independence.
The journalists signed a memorandum calling for
gradual socio-political reforms, including
abrogation of the crown colony system, regional
representation and independence for British West
African colonies by 1958 or 1960. [39] The
memorandum was ignored by the colonial office,
increasing Azikiwe's militancy. [40]
He had a controlling interest in over 12 daily,
African-run newspapers. Azikiwe's articles on
African nationalism, black pride and
empowerment dismayed many colonialist
politicians and benefited many marginalized
Africans. East African newspapers generally
published in Swahili, with the exception of
newsletters such as the East African Standard.
Azikiwe revolutionized the West African
newspaper industry, demonstrating that English-
language journalism could be successful. By
1950, the five leading African-run newspapers in
the Eastern Region (including the Nigerian Daily
Times ) were outsold by the Pilot . On 8 July
1945, the Nigerian government banned Azikiwe's
West African Pilot and Daily Comet for
misrepresenting information about a general
strike. Although Azikiwe acknowledged this, he
continued publishing articles about the strike in
the Guardian (his Port Harcourt newsletter). He
led a 1945 general strike, and was the premier
of East Nigeria from 1954 to 1959. By the
1960s, after Nigerian independence, the national
West African Pilot was particularly influential in
the east. Azikiwe took particular aim at political
groups which advocated exclusion. He was
criticized by a Yoruba faction for using his
newspaper to suppress opposition to his views.
At Azikiwe's death, The New York Times said
that he "towered over the affairs of Africa's most
populous nation, attaining the rare status of a
truly national hero who came to be admired
across the regional and ethnic lines dividing his
country." [41]
Political career
Azikiwe became active in the Nigerian Youth
Movement (NYM), the country's first nationalist
organization. Although he supported Samuel
Akinsanya as the NYM candidate for a vacant
seat in the Legislative Council in 1941, the NYM
executive council selected Ernest Ikoli. Azikiwe
resigned from the NYM, accusing the majority
Yoruba leadership of discriminating against the
Ijebu-Yoruba members and Ibos. Some Ijebu
members followed him, splitting the movement
along ethnic lines. [42]
He entered politics, co-founding the National
Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)
with Herbert Macaulay in 1944. Azikiwe became
the council's secretary-general in 1946.
Conspiracy allegations and Zikist
movement
As a result of Azikiwe's support for a general
strike in June 1945 and his attacks on the
colonial government, publication of the West
African Pilot was suspended on 8 July of that
year. He praised the striking workers and their
leader, Michael Imoudu, accusing the colonial
government of exploiting the working class. [43]
In August, the newspaper was allowed to resume
publication. [44] During the strike, Azikiwe raised
the alarm about an assassination plot by
unknown individuals working on behalf of the
colonial government. [43] His basis for the
allegation was a wireless message intercepted
by a Pilot reporter. [34] After receiving the
intercepted message, Azikiwe went into hiding in
Onitsha. The Pilot published sympathetic
editorials during his absence, and many
Nigerians believed the assassination story.
Azikiwe's popularity, and his newspaper
circulation, increased during this period. The
allegations were doubted by some Nigerians,
who believed that he made them up to raise his
profile. [45] The skeptics were primarily Yoruba
politicians from the Nigerian Youth Movement,
creating a rift between the factions and a press
war between Azikiwe's Pilot and the NYM's Daily
Service .
A militant youth movement, led by Osita Agwuna,
Raji Abdalla, Kolawole Balogun, M. C. K.
Ajuluchukwu and Abiodun Aloba, was
established in 1946 to defend Azikiwe's life and
his ideals of self-government. [43] Inspired by his
writings and Nwafor Orizu's Zikism philosophy,
members of the movement soon began
advocating positive, militant action to bring
about self-government. Calls for action included
strikes, study of military science by Nigerian
students overseas, and a boycott of foreign
products. [46] Azikiwe did not publicly defend the
movement, which was banned in 1951 after a
failed attempt to kill a colonial secretary.
Opposition to Richards
constitution
In 1945, British governor Arthur Richards
presented proposals for a revision of the Clifford
constitution of 1922. Included in the proposal
was an increase in the number of nominated
African members to the Legislative Council.
However, the changes were opposed by
nationalists such as Azikiwe. NCNC politicians
opposed unilateral decisions made by Arthur
Richards and a constitutional provision allowing
only four elected African members; the rest
would be nominated candidates. The nominated
African candidates were loyal to the colonial
government, and would not aggressively seek
self-government. Another basis of opposition
was little input for the advancement of Africans
to senior civil-service positions. The NCNC
prepared to argue its case to the new Labour
government of Clement Attlee in Britain. A tour
of the country was begun to raise awareness of
the party's concerns and to raise money for the
UK protest. [47] NCNC president Herbert
Macaulay died during the tour, and Azikiwe
assumed leadership of the party. He led the
delegation to London and, in preparation for the
trip, traveled to the US to seek sympathy for the
party's case. Azikiwe met Eleanor Roosevelt at
Hyde Park , and spoke about the "emancipation
of Nigeria from political thralldom, economic
insecurity and social
disabilities". [ This quote needs a citation ] The UK
delegation included Azikiwe, Funmilayo
Ransome-Kuti , Zanna Dipcharima, Abubakar
Olorunimbe , Adeleke Adedoyin and Nyong
Essien. They visited the Fabian Society 's Colonial
Bureau, the Labor Imperial Committee and the
West African Students' Union to raise awareness
of its proposals for amendments to the 1922
constitution. Included in the NCNC proposals
was consultation with Africans about changes to
the Nigerian constitution, more power to the
regional House of Assemblies and limiting the
powers of the central Legislative Council to
defense, currency and foreign affairs. [48] The
delegation submitted its proposals to the
colonial secretary, but little was done to change
to Richards' proposals. The Richards constitution
took effect in 1947, and Azikiwe contested one
of the Lagos seats to delay its
implementation. [ citation needed ]
1950-1953
Under the Richards constitution, Azikiwe was
elected to the Legislative Council in a Lagos
municipal election from the National Democratic
Party (an NCNC subsidiary). He and the party
representative did not attend the first session of
the council, and agitation for changes to the
Richards constitution led to the Macpherson
constitution. The Macpherson constitution took
effect in 1951 and, like the Richards constitution,
called for elections to the regional House of
Assembly. Azikiwe opposed the changes, and
contested for the chance to change the new
constitution. Staggered elections were held from
August to December 1951. In the Western
Region (where Azikiwe stood), two parties were
dominant: Azikiwe's NCNC and the Action Group .
Elections for the Western Regional Assembly
were held in September and December 1951
because the constitution allowed an electoral
college to choose members of the national
legislature; an Action Group majority in the house
might prevent Azikiwe from going to the House
of Representatives. [49] He won a regional
assembly seat from Lagos, but the opposition
party claimed a majority in the House of
Assembly and Azikiwe did not represent Lagos
in the federal House of Representatives. In 1951,
he became leader of the Opposition to the
government of Obafemi Awolowo in the Western
Region's House of Assembly. Azikiwe's non-
selection to the national assembly caused chaos
in the west. [50] An agreement by elected NCNC
members from Lagos to step down for Azikiwe if
he was not nominated broke down. Azikiwe
blamed the constitution, and wanted changes
made. The NCNC (which dominated the Eastern
Region) agreed, and committed to amending the
constitution. [51]
Azikiwe moved to the Eastern Region in 1952,
and the NCNC-dominated regional assembly
made proposals to accommodate him. Although
the party's regional and central ministers were
asked to resign in a cabinet reshuffle, most
ignored the request. The regional assembly then
passed a vote of no confidence on the
ministers, and appropriation bills sent to the
ministry were rejected. This created an impasse
in the region, and the lieutenant governor
dissolved the regional house. A new election
returned Azikiwe as a member of the Eastern
Assembly. He was selected as Chief Minister,
and became premier of Nigeria's Eastern Region
in 1954 when it became a federating unit.
Presidency and later life
This section needs expansion . You can help by
adding to it . (June 2018)
Azikiwe became governor-general on 16
November 1960, with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
as prime minister , and became the first Nigerian
named to the Privy Council of the United
Kingdom . [14] When Nigeria became a republic
in 1963, he was its first president . In both posts,
Azikiwe's role was largely ceremonial. [52]
He and his civilian colleagues were removed
from office in the 15 January 1966 military coup ,
and he was the most prominent politician to
avoid assassination after the coup. Azikiwe was
a spokesman for Biafra and advised its leader,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu , during the
Biafran War (1967–1970). He switched his
allegiance back to Nigeria during the war, and
appealed to Ojukwu to end the war in pamphlets
and interviews. The New York Times said about
his politics, "Throughout his life, Dr. Azikiwe's
alliance with northerners put him at odds with
Obafemi Awolowo, a socialist-inclined leader of
the Yoruba, the country's other important
southern group." [41]
After the war, he was chancellor of the University
of Lagos from 1972 to 1976. Azikiwe joined the
Nigerian People's Party in 1978, making
unsuccessful bids for the presidency in 1979
and 1983. He left politics involuntarily after the
31 December 1983 military coup . Azikiwe died
on 11 May 1996 at the University of Nigeria
Teaching Hospital in Enugu after a long illness,
and is buried in his native Onitsha. [53]
Legacy
Places named after Azikiwe include:
Azikiwe-Nkrumah Hall, the oldest building on
the Lincoln University campus
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja
Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium in Enugu
Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Awka , Anambra
State
Nnamdi Azikwe Library at the University of
Nigeria, Nsukka
Nnamdi Azikiwe Press Centre, Dodan
Barracks, Obalende, Ikoyi, Lagos
Azikiwe Avenue in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
CRDB Azikiwe Branch in Dar es Salaam
His picture appears on Nigeria's ₦ 500
banknote. [54]
Achievements
Azikiwe was inducted into the Agbalanze society
of Onitsha as Nnanyelugo in 1946, a recognition
for Onitsha men with significant
accomplishments. In 1962, he became a
second-rank red cap chieftain (Ndichie Okwa) as
the Oziziani Obi. Azikiwe was installed as the
Owelle-Osowa-Anya of Onitsha in 1972, making
him a first-rank hereditary red cap nobleman
(Ndichie Ume).
He established the University of Nigeria, Nsukka
in 1960, [55] and Queen Elizabeth II appointed
him to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom .
He was made Grand Commander of the Federal
Republic (GCFR), Nigeria's highest national
honour, in 1980.
Sports
Azikiwe competed in boxing, athletics,
swimming, football and tennis. [18] He is also
the Great-Uncle of footballer, Jeffrey Sarpong. He
was a fan of Celtic FC .
Works
Zik (1961)
My Odyssey: An Autobiography (1971)
Renascent Africa (1973)
Liberia in World Politics (1931)
One Hundred Quotable Quotes and Poems of
the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1966).
ISBN 978-2736-09-0
Political Blueprint for Nigeria (1943)
Economic Reconstruction of Nigeria (1943)
Zik: A Selection of the Speeches of Dr.
Nnamdi Azikiwe (1961)
Assassination Story: True or False? (1946)
Before Us Lies the Open Grave (1947)
The Future of Pan-Africanism (1961)
The Realities of African Unity (1965)
Origins of the Nigerian Civil War (1969)
I Believe in One Nigeria (1969)
Peace Proposals for Ending the Nigerian Civil
War (1969)
Dialogue on a New Capital for Nigeria (1974)
Creation of More States in Nigeria, A Political
Analysis (1974)
Democracy with Military Vigilance (1974)
Reorientation of Nigerian Ideologies: lecture
on 9 December 1976, on the eve of the
launching of the UNN Endowment Fund (1976)
Our Struggle for Freedom; Onitsha Market
Crisis (1976)
Let Us Forgive Our Children. An appeal to the
leaders and people of Onitsha during the
market crisis (1976)
A Collection of Poems (1977)
Civil War Soliloquies: More Collection of
Poems (1977)
Themes in African Social and Political Thought
(1978)
Restoration of Nigerian Democracy (1978)
Matchless Past Performance: My Reply to
Chief Awolowo's Challenge (1979)
A Matter of Conscience (1979)
Ideology for Nigeria: Capitalism, Socialism or
Welfarism? (1980)
Breach of Trust by the NPN (1983)
History Will Vindicate The Just (1983)
See also
Nigeria portal
Biography portal
Politics portal
African nationalism
Zikist philosophy
References
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45. ^ Idemili 1980 , p. 258.
46. ^ Idemili 1980 , p. 262.
47. ^ Olusanyai 1964 , p. 246.
48. ^ Olusanyai 1964 , p. 247.
49. ^ ONYIOHA, K. O. K. (1951, Nov 20). Ben
azikiwe key figure in long Nigerian poll.
Philadelphia Tribune (1912-2001) Retrieved from
Proquest.
50. ^ Olusanyai 1964 , p. 303.
51. ^ Olusanyai 1964 , p. 303-305.
52. ^ Nigeria's Forgotten Heroes: Nnamdi
Azikiwe – "Father of the Nation" (Part 2)
53. ^ "Victor Umeh weeps at Zik's Grave" . The
Sun. 30 October 2014. Archived from the
original on 5 January 2015.
54. ^ "Azikiwe-Nkrumah Hall | Lincoln
University" . www.lincoln.edu . Retrieved
2018-06-01.
55. ^ Bhekithemba Richard Mngomezulu (2012).
Politics and Higher Education in East Africa .
AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 4.
ISBN 978-1-920-3821-17 .
Notes
Orji, John (2013). "Chapter 2: The Triumph of
Knowledge". In Chuku, Gloria. The Igbo
Intellectual Tradition: Creative Conflict in
African and African diasporic thought . Palgrave
Macmillan. pp. 67–89.
Tonkin, Elizabeth (1990). "Chapter 2: Zik's
Story". In Chuku, P. F. de Moraes.
SelfAssertion and Brokerage: Early Cultural
Nationalism in West Africa. Birmingham
University African Studies Series. pp. 35–45.
Idemili, Samuel Okafor (1980). THE WEST
AFRICAN PILOT AND THE MOVEMENT FOR
NIGERIAN NATIONALISM, 1937-1960 (Thesis).
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Olusanya, Gabriel (1964). TKE IMPACT OF
THE SECOND WORLD WAR ON NIGERIA'S
POLITICAL EVOLUTION (Thesis). University of
Toronto.
Further reading
Igwe, Agbafor (1992). Nnamdi Azikiwe: The
Philosopher of Our Time . Enugu, Nigeria:
Fourth Dimension Publisher.
ISBN 978-978-156-030-9 .
Ikeotuonye, Vincent (1961). Zik of New Africa .
P.R. Macmillan.
Jones-Quartey, K. A. B. (1965). A Life of
Azikiwe. Baltimore, MD: Penguin.
Olisa, Michael S. O.; M., Ikejiani-Clark, eds.
(1989). Azikiwe and the African Revolution.
Onitsha, Nigeria: Africana-FEP.
ISBN 978-978-175-223-0 .
Ugowe, C. O. O. (2000). Eminent Nigerians of
the Twentieth Century . Lagos: Hugo Books.
External links
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Political offices
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Position
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Senate President
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1960–1960
Succeeded by
Dennis
Osadebay
Preceded by
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Governor-General
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1960–1963
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1963–1966
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